The Joys of Motherhood essays

The Joys of Motherhood articles In Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood tale, the fundamental character, Nnu Ego demonstrates being a lady and a mother in Nigerian culture. Additionally, Emecheta investigates the possibility that ladies being able to tolerate youngsters are the best way to characterize womanliness and womanhood in the novel. Be that as it may, The Joys of Motherhood assumes two significant jobs to the ladies around then. To begin with, despite the fact that society is changing, a few ladies are as yet keeping up the customary jobs, the traditions and the qualities in the Lagos City. Simultaneously they crushed the principles of women's activist hypothesis. Besides, the novel gives a comprehension of a portion of the parts of the women's activist hypothesis and urges ladies to accomplish social equity among people. Be that as it may, men despite everything ruled ladies during that time. Nnu Ego is one of the ladies who had been attempting to be conventional in a cutting edge urban setting (81). In The Joys of Motherhood, she assumes many general jobs - as a little girl, a spouse, a mother, a lady, a laborer and a senior wife. As a girl of Nigerian Chief, Nwokocha Agbadi, Nnu Ego consistently tunes in to her dads air and she never restricts him. Along these lines, she consents to wed the man whom her dad has decided for her. After she is hitched to her first spouse, Amatokwu, she needs to be a decent wife, which implies that she can consider a youngster with him. In any case, the principal marriage fizzled in light of the fact that she didn't bear him a child (49). In the conventional society, if the wedded lady can't hold up under kids and offer her significant other a child, she is viewed as a disappointment and has neglected to satisfy her sexual orientation job as a spouse. She will likewise bring disfavor not exclusively to her significant other yet in addition to her dad. Her first marriage, Nnu Ego has denounced herself as a bombed lady. Later she wedded a man, Nanife, who chips away at the coast in a British state. She can hold up under kids with her second husb... <!

To write the directors notes on act 1 scene 5 Essay Example

To compose the executives notes on act 1 scene 5 Essay To compose the executives notes on act 1 scene 5. Clarify the air you wish to pass on to the crowd in this scene. Disclose to the on-screen characters playing Romeo and Juliet how you anticipate that them should decipher their jobs, particularly in the scene yet in addition in different pieces of the play. As we start the gathering there is a great deal of surge. The workers are not prepared for the gathering to begin however everything prepared has. The primary line of act one, scene five is. Wheres Potpan, that he encourages not to remove? He move a trencher! He scratched a trencher! Theres a gigantic surge as the gathering begins. The statement suggests that the workers dont recognize what is happening, and searching for individuals that didnt expel the dishes. The gathering proceeds onward as Romeo shows up. Capulet invites Romeo, Mercutio, and Benvolio, yet does he realize that they are Montagues? In the content Capulet stated, welcome honorable men! Multiple times to Romeo, Mercutio and Benvolio. Capulet it would appear doesnt realize that his visitors that he is inviting are Montagues or isn't that right? Capulet and Second Capulet discuss to what extent it has been since they have hit the dance floor with one another. Tis less, tis less: tis since the matrimonial of Lucentio. Approximately five and twenty years. The two Capulets have not hit the dance floor with one another in 25years or more. They discuss bygone eras. We will compose a custom exposition test on To compose the executives notes on act 1 scene 5 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on To compose the executives notes on act 1 scene 5 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on To compose the executives notes on act 1 scene 5 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Romeo first looks at Juliet. What woman is what doth enhance the hand Of younder night. Romeo has recently observed Juliet and he simply needs to express his genuine thoughts. There is a ton of symbolism in this piece of the play, O, she doth show the lights to consume splendid! This suggests she captivates everyone. Tybalt hears Romeo talk and realizes that it is Romeo and goes to his Uncle, Capulet, and lets him know, Uncle, this is a Montague, our adversary. Capulet is quiet about Romeo at his gathering and dont mind. Youthful Romeo, is it. Leave him be. He instructs him to disregard Romeo and has been enlightened numerous beneficial things concerning him, this is demonstrated by the statement, Verona gloats about him. So Capulet allows Romeo to remain. Tybalt is very seethed by this and compromises Romeo, Now appearing to be sweet proselyte to harsh nerve. This is suggesting that Romeo is fortunate now however after time he wont be so fortunate. Be that as it may, Romeo doesnt hear this and goes to take a gander at Juliet. This is the greatest piece of the play the adoration work among Romeo and Juliet. On the off chance that I profane with my unworthiest hand This heavenly place of worship, the delicate sin is this: My lips two becoming flushed pioneers, prepared remain To smooth that harsh touch with delicate kiss. Romeo needs to kiss Juliet. He utilizes a great deal of symbolism Juliet answers with. Great pioneer, you foul up your hand excessively, Which courteous dedication appears in this; For holy people have hands that travelers hands do contact, and palm to palm is heavenly palmers kiss. Juliet is requesting him to kiss her yet will he or not? There is still a great deal of symbolism Have not holy person lips, and heavenly palmers as well? All there is all symbolism utilizing guides to show what he is doing or attempting do. Ay, pioneer, lips that they should use in petition. There is utilization of imploring as Romeos and Juliets hands contact. O at that point, dear holy person, let lips do what hands do! They supplicate: award thou, last confidence go to surrender. Romeo requests to kiss Juliet yet says it in an alternate manner to simply coming out and saying it. Holy people don't move, however award for petitions purpose. She gradually pulls away and opposes him. At that point move not, while my petitions impact I take. This is the large piece of the scene; this is the place Romeo kisses Juliet. In this way from my lips, by thine, my wrongdoing is purgd. This is a clue as far as possible of the play. At that point have my lips the wrongdoing that they have took. She has additionally taken the wrongdoing. The clue as far as possible of the play. Sin from my lips? O trespass pleasantly urgd! Give me my transgression once more. Romeo needs another kiss. In any case. You kiss fair and square. Suggests that Romeo is a decent kiss. At that point the medical attendant buts in. Madam, your mom hungers for a word with you. The medical attendant intrudes on the greatest piece of the play and splits the entire discussion up. From here the two darlings are separated from each other. Romeo is pondering exactly who Juliet is, and asks the medical caretaker What is her mom? Romeo is troubled to discover that Her mom is the woman of the house. That line is sufficient to dismiss Romeo however he has succumbed to her, he adores her! Juliet likewise does this to discover what romeo's identity is. She solicits the medical attendant who some from the individuals on the move floor are doing whatever it takes not to glance excessively intrigued by Romeo, Go, ask his name. When Juliet discovers he is a Montague she says, my lone love sprung from my lone despise! Juliet adores Romeo yet she and her family detest the name of any Montague. Juliet and the attendant leave the gathering. There are numerous characters in act one scene five, however there are just two or three principle characters. The fundamental characters are Romeo and Juliet, Capulet, the Nurse, Tybalt and Benvolio. The manner in which they act and should feel towards each other are as per the following. Romeo and Juliet, the admirers of the scene and the principle characters of this scene. Their adoration as show in the scene was unexplainable from the first occasion when they sore one another, what ladys that which doth improve the hand of there knight. Romeo and Juliet ought to address each other in an energetic manner. The temperament these two will feel in this scene is love between one another. Capulet, is the quiet and doesnt need to cause a scene at his own gathering when he discovers Romeo is there. Youthful Romeo is it. Content thee, delicate coz, let only him. He loves Romeo. This man is solid headed and realizes what he needs. Capulet should talk in a quiet however requesting manner. Capulets state of mind is laid back and quiet. Medical attendant, the medical caretaker is the courier among Romeo and Juliet and is somewhat of a loquacious individual. The medical attendant says five lines, her mom is the woman of the house after a straightforward inquiry from Romeo. The medical caretaker should talk in a speedy and quick. The medical caretakers state of mind cheerful and overpowered session the gathering. Tybalt, is a solid consistently prepared for anything and is the nephew to Capulet. He doesnt have a major part in the scene separated from the frenzy of finding a Montague at his familys party. It fits when such reprobate is a visitor. He should talk solid and be interested by what individuals need to state. Tybalt is very divination in this scene. Symbolism is utilized a great deal in this play for the most part in this scene; the affection poem is all symbolism. The petitions hand is demonstrating how their hands contact. The wrongdoing of their lips appears and suggests how their lives will wind up, as their adoration advances. This scene should leave the crowd think about what will occur on the off chance that they get on the symbolism. This is a change from the principal scenes, the main scene are detest and sorrow this will carry the crowd to a peak as they stand by to discover what occurs straightaway.

Earn Money With Your Essay Writing Skills

Earn Money With Your Essay Writing SkillsIf you've been looking for ways to earn money with your essay writing skills, you may want to consider taking a look at an online writing course. When you take the time to learn how to write essays online, you will find that it can make you more money than you would have imagined.Your essay will be easier to read if it's easy to read. Most college students are busy with their studies and do not have a lot of time to spend researching and writing. This is where an online writing course can help you.College students do not want to spend all day looking for the right way to write a paper. They do not want to spend a lot of time on a paper if they do not have to. But by spending a few hours a week writing essays online, you can save time and get more money out of your writing.Instead of taking out a student loan or borrowing money from your parents, you can earn your own money. Your grades will be better, and you will not waste time on poorly writ ten papers. These are just a few reasons why many people choose to go online instead of reading and writing papers from a book.You can earn good grades by doing research for your assignments and analyzing the subject material you are studying. Because the writing is done for you in advance, you will save time and money.Also, because you are working while you are learning, you can afford to do your financial life on your own schedule. So instead of spending all day in the library with a bunch of books, you can spend your time studying online and earning money.By the time you get to college, you will have many friends and important people around you. So you will have many opportunities to meet people who are also taking the same classes. The sooner you can begin writing essays online, the more people you will meet and the more money you will make.There are a lot of online writing courses you can take to get your essay writing skills ready for a job. You should research each of them an d see which one fits best for you. After all, you are learning something you can use in your future career.

Analysis of Accidents and Incidents Essay - 825 Words

Analysis of Accidents and Incidents (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u NEW SAFETY METHODS OR APPROACHES THAT ARE IMPLEMENTED TO IMPROVE SECURITY IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PAGEREF _Toc429049525 \h 21.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc429049526 \h 21.1 Refresher training for engineers programs (Human factors) PAGEREF _Toc429049527 \h 31.2 Implementing fatigue management programs PAGEREF _Toc429049528 \h 31.3 Learning from previous incidents PAGEREF _Toc429049529 \h 3NEW SAFETY METHODS OR APPROACHES THAT ARE IMPLEMENTED TO IMPROVE SECURITY IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 1 IntroductionThe safety within aircraft maintenance does not just necessarily mean the security from the team along with travelers in the area available for the plane, but wellbeing of the people on the ground also. As a result need involving guaranteeing safety within this industry, government regulations reached be critical and in this way assume the noteworthy part inside support involving avionics security. The training today involving aircrafts su pport personnel does promise that guarded practices are usually consolidated and moreover human variables to guarantee that this particular security culture is maintained up. According to IATA accident summary (2013), there were 210 fatalities from organization flying problems in 2013, diminished coming from 414 in 2012 rather than exactly the actual five-year typical of 517.The 2013 globally Western-fabricated jet body bad luck rate had been 0. 41. This was a stage again from 2012 when the worldwide Western built frame bad luck rate continued at 0. 21 - The lowest amount of flying history. Taken some gender over the five-year period (2009-2013), 2013 proves a 15 percent later from the 5-year typical of 0.48. The 2013 Western-assembled jet structure bad luck rate for individuals from IATA had been 0.25, which overcome the globally normal by 26. 8%. Furthermore, which demonstrated a difference over the actual five yr normal associated with (IATA, 2013). In this research, we are going to look into the new safety methods or approaches that are implemented to improve the safety in aircraft maintenance.New safety methods or approaches that are implemented to improve security in aircraft maintenance1.1 Implemented Refresher training for engineers to improve safety (Human factors)Analysts in the extensive various fields have got presumed that around the world, human get contributes for the dominant part of mishaps with transport, business, and pharmaceutics. It is assessed that will 70% connected with airship mishaps include things like the pilot, while 80% connected with delivery mischance include things like human malfunction (Engineers). According to Professor Lucian Leape of the Harvard School connected with Public Health and Fitness has assessed that many years with the US ALL, 180, 000 individuals bite the particular dust just as one aftereffect connected with therapeutic errors (Leape, 1994). Plainly, human questionability can offer genuine outcomes, and seein g more in regards to the way related to human blunder is related to essential relevance. The aviation industry has invested in retraining of engineers each and every time. This is one of the approaches to implemented and improve security in aircraft maintenance.1.2 Implemented fatigue management programsAround 1998 and also 2000, the Federal Aviation Supervision Administration (FAA) guided a useful study for the dozing propensities regarding AMTs in America. The FAA is accumulated somewhere within the range regarding 50, 000 hours worth regarding rest information using a watch like an accelerometer to make the decision to precisely what extent anyone was dozing (Boeing, 2011). The learning presumed which the specialists dozed a standard of only five hours and 5 minutes for each and every day contrasted while using prescribed nine hours for each and every day for that normal particular person (Avers and Johnson, 2011). Examination of Aviation Preservation Working Conditions, Fatigue, and also Human Performance: Phase 3, Washington, Debbie. C.: FAA Workplace of Aviation Medication.This absence of rest is usually accepted to become a vital patron to be able to do blunder made by AMTs. As an example, the Aviation Security Reporting Technique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the episode confirming administration regarding pilots, mechanics, and flight chaperons in America that is usually directed from the National Aeronautics and also Space Supervision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ included 77 AMT weakness related Reviews from 1990 to 2009. The industry has implemented the fatigue management programme to ensure no avaiation engeneer or pilot who exceeds the normal time of sleep. Everyone should have enough sleep to avoid errors at work.1.3 Learning from previous incidentsBASI, 1999, reports that the customary way of thinking among safety specialists ...

The Financial Performance Of Barclays Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2088 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The following report is aimed at comment the findings of Barclays PLC financial performance analysis. The first section presents an internal and external analysis. The second comments a series of financial ratios. Finally, the last section concludes. Introduction Banks are an important part of the financial system. They channel financial resources from individuals who have surpluses to individuals who lack capital. Banks transfer these assets in the form of loans. Loans are evaluated and classified according to the default probability (risk). In this manner, Banks assure that lenders invest their wealth in trustable projects, that is, economically viable (Arnold, G., 2008). Banks, then, subside the research task from lenders and allow them to get a safe and constant return rates in a determined timeframe and conditions (Valdez, S., 2007). As any business, Banks are aimed at increasing the wealth of the owners. Banks employ accounting systems and economic models to measure their financial performance. Accounting and economic models evaluate: 1) whether the wealth of the owners is augmenting, and 2) at what extent (Atril, P., McLaney, E., 2008). They provide several financial indicators which help business management to control the enterpr ise performance; among them, the financial ratios are widely used. The purpose of this report is to comment the findings discuss how bank (Barclays PLC) overall performance should be evaluated. The first section presents a review of Barclays internal and external performance. The second section evaluates Barclays financial performance. Finally, the last section concludes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Financial Performance Of Barclays Finance Essay" essay for you Create order A review of Barclays internal and external performance Barclays is one of the worldwide leaders in financial services. It was founded in 1690 in the UK. Barclays has operations in 50 countries spanning over Europe, the US, and Africa. Its headquarters are located London, UK and employs 153,800 people worldwide (BARCLAYS, 2009). Barclays retail banking includes personal customers, home finance, local business, consumer lending and financial planning (DATAMONITOR, 2010). Internal performance Barclays capital strength has provided the company with resilience to cope adverse market conditions. For example, the companys liquidity pool increased to pound;127 billion at 31st December 2009 from pound;43 billion in 2008. Hence, cash flows allow the bank to negotiate better selling conditions in their product portfolio (BARCLAYS, 2009). Barclays has kept its lending growth volume regardless global economic situation. The bank has reduced its derivative assets; therefore, its balance sheet size has been reduced (BARCLAYS, 2009). However, Barclays operations are threatened by its weakness in cost management. Its subsidiaries in Western Europe registered detrimental costs in 2009. Thus, the bank may face difficulties in its expansion plans (BARCLAYS, 2009). On the other hand, Barclays mobile banking services have experienced a significant growth due to smart phones popularization. This new service portfolio is likely to reduce workload in banks branches; therefore a sign ificant cost reduction may be achieved during the fiscal year 2010. Even though, internet and credit transaction fraud has also risen. Hence, information security investments may undermine cost management accomplishments (BARCLAYS, 2009). Barclays is pursuing to expand its operation in India and UAE. Even the bank has been present in both countries since 1970s; it does not have a considerable penetration. These markets have attractive conditions to increase the bank market share. Therefore, an expansion strategy for India an UAE is foreseeable (BARCLAYS, 2009). External performance Barclays impairment losses in 2009 affected banks profitability. This effect was present despite balance sheet size reduction. Disposal of these legacy assets is one of the main banks objectives for fiscal year 2010 (BARCLAYS, 2009). UK government legislation regarding Asset Protection is aimed at improving customers trust by clearing up banks balance sheets. However, there is no a complete strategy on this matter. These uncertainties add pressure on financial markets, making difficult banks capitalization. Besides, a more competitive environment will be roomed (BARCLAYS, 2008). Finally, mergers and consolidation in banking industry will make more difficult, for Barclays, to adjust pricing levels and protect their market position. However, Barclays has the resources and skills to tackle challenging business environments (BARCLAYS, 2009). Barclays financial performance ROE ROE ratio presents negative trend in the last three years. The cause of this behaviour was the increase in the operation costs, 25%, plus a drop of 25% in the interest income. The net effect was a drop of drop of 77% in the net income in 2009. In 2008, Barclays acquired Lehman Brothers, thus, the total financial figures of the bank were affected. This buy clarifies the abrupt changes in costs and interest incomes. Positive results of this acquirement may be reflected in one or two years; it can be said that this normal behaviour of acquirements (BARCLAYS, 2008). ROA ROA was also hit by the Lehman Brothers effect; the indicator fell 50% from 2007 to 2009. Total assets were duplicated during 2008 and the net income after taxes was a little bit higher than in 2007. However, in 2009, Barclays made a restructuration in its total assets and was able to reduce them a 44%, that is, total asset were almost the same than in 2007. Unfortunately, net income after taxes also dropped 44%. ROA indicator was, then, almost the same than in 2008. ROA hid the company efforts to align the bank to the pre-acquisition levels (BARCLAYS, 2009). Net Interest Margin Net interest margin improved in 2009. It surpassed 2007 value. Assets are producing more Interest profit than in 2007. This can be interpreted as a positive effect of the Lehman Brothers acquisition, since the asset combination is generation more income. However, the increment in operation costs undermined the net effect of these results (BARCLAYS, 2009). DuPont This indicator clearly shows the Lehman Brothers acquisition effects. The equity multiplier registered a growth during 2008. The net profit margin was almost 300% higher than in 2007. However, the asset utilization went down 518%. The net effect was a low ROE (BARCLAYS, 2008). In 2009, the equity multiplier, and net profit margin felt down 49.48%, and 63.45% respectively; whereas, asset utilization grew 281%. Even though, ROE ratio was the lowest one in the studied period. This erratic behaviour was caused by the total asset amount. Each indicator by itself does not provide enough information regarding how well the company is doing it. For instance, asset utilization seems to be worst than in 2007, therefore, the implication would be that acquisition was a bad deal for the bank. In the case of the Equity multiplier, the conclusion would be the same. But, the net profit margin figure seems more realistic and clearly shows that a growth of 10% in two years justify the buy (BARCLAY S, 2008). The ultimate result is indicating that the new company is expected to have a return in equity of 6.28%. However, this metric does not include dividend amounts; thus, investing in the new Barclays firm may still be attractive. DuPont exercise shows that any indicator does not have all information at glance, thus, they should be used in combination in order to provide relevant and useful information. By decomposing ROE in three different ratios, it is possible to understand the effect of total assets and the operating revenue into the companys investing profile. Besides, it is clear the effect of the increment in the cost of the sales and operations. From the graph, it can be seen that Lehman Brothers firm made a massive sales and their expenses were under control. However, it can be inferred that liquidity may be one of the relevant factors that pushed former owners to sell it. This thesis is aligned to the main causes of the 2007s global financial crisis. Therefore, the acquisition was justified and was a good opportunity to improve the banks financial performance (BARCLAYS, 2009). Net Interest Margin This ratio shows a negative trend. The lowest value was registered in 2008. However, during this year the interest income registered the highest value during the period. In 2009 the interest income dropped 24.18% but asset were reduced almost 50%. Even though, they continued 12.34% above the 2007 value. The net effect was 25.24% below the 2007 mark. It is important to say that 2009 is a good result and shows how the bank is trying to move the new company to the levels in which the former one was operating. It can be inferred that the strategy is to stabilize the bank and then increase the profits. Acquisition was, again, the event that impacted the ratio behaviour (BARCLAYS, 2009). Earning base Earning base is indicating that bank is acquiring more assets which are directly implied with the profit generation, that is, that it is lending more money to customers. It is clear that in 2008, due to acquisition, the bank owned a series of assets which were overloading the cost structure. In 2009, the situation improved since assets were re-structured and their number was reduced. This indicator should not be higher than 50%. The rational is that banks earning assets are loans, thus, bank should ensure they payment of those loans whit its assets. Therefore a healthy ratio level may be around 50% (BARCLAYS, 2009). Operating Efficiency Ratio and Wage ratio The operating efficiency ratio shows that bank is struggling with its operating expenses. In 2007, the ratio was 187%, which means that bank was investing two resource units to produce one. In 2008, this indicator grew almost 2.5 times. However, the bank made a very good effort and reduced the figure 32%. When wage ration is included in the analysis, it presents a drop in 2008, due to redundancy. However, the operation expenses did not diminished; therefore the operation efficiency ratio did not improve. It can be implied that work force is not the biggest expense, as many author claim, but a combination of inefficient process and asset sub-utilization. Unfortunately, annual reports did not provide deep information (BARCLAYS, 2008, 2009). Interest Income / Total Assets and Interest Rate Risk Ratio The first ratio provides information regarding how much interest income is produced by the total assets that bank owns. This indicator shows a growing trend with a little drop in 2008 due to the total assets acquired from Lehman Brothers. Thus, Barclays is improving its asset utilization. Talking about interest risk ratio, this indicator should be ideally around 100% to ensure that all loans are backed up with assets. However, the bank registered values below 10%. On the other hand, this indicator also shows a growing trend, which means that this figure is going to improve in the future. This indicator also supports the 2008 acquisition (BARCLAYS, 2009). Liquidity Risk Ratio Cash is the blood of the business. This ratio is relevant because indicates the capacity of the bank to convert its asset in cash. This indicator showed a negative trend with a peak in 2008. Its value has never been below 90% which indicates that bank has no cash flow issues. However, it highly depends in the asset restructuration. According to the 2009 annual report, asset management is one of the key objectives of the current management board. Thus, liquidity risk ratio will improve during the next years (BARCLAYS, 2008). Capital Risk Ratio Capital risk ratio shows at what extent the bank is prepared to afford its long term compromises. Values on this indicator shows that bank is in a very good position since its long term compromises do not represent a high percentage of its total assets; the lower this indicator the best. However, it shows a growing trend accelerated by the 2008 acquisition. It can be inferred that management team is trying to either improve the bank resource availability, by long-term instruments, or restructuring the acquisition cost. The peak in 2008 can be explained by the heterogeneous asset combination post-acquisition (BARCLAYS, 2008, 2009). Conclusions After analysing Barclays bank ratios, it can be inferred that the acquisition of Lehman Brothers was an organic growth during crisis times. Thus, Barclays took advantage of the economic situation in 2008. Its solid cash figures allowed the bank to reject the bail-out plan from the UKs government. This action increased the customer preference for the bank. After acquisitions, the ratios tend to show bad results. However, this is somehow expected, since new components are added to the operation and a new organization is created. In the case of Barclays, these variations were not significant to the overall company performance. Finally, internal and external performance measurement is a complementary part of the ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is highly dependent on accounting information and the standards to gather that info. Thus, the results may vary if another set of accounting rules is applied. Internal and external performance measurement provides the background information to understand the number, trends and behaviours of the ratio result. Hence, both analyses are complementary rather than exclusive. Ratios provide a standard and normalized way to compare and analyze information, but they are meaningless by themselves. Ratio value is important, but it adds nothing to management process if it is not translated into coherent and relevant series of events which explain the root cause of that percentage. Thus, a good selection of indicator and measurements will guide the company to better results.

Why Has the Power of the Federal Government Expanded. Essay

Kenneth A. Cherisol AMH 2020 Prof. John Fitzgerald Nov 17, 2010 But WHY? Why has the power of the federal government expanded so significantly? Was this shift in power from state governments to the federal government necessary? Government power took a huge shifted from state government to federal government during and after the civil war. Although President Franklin D Roosevelt’s new deal is often considered the pivotal point that caused this shift, the major event attributing to this shift in power was the civil war. The first event that led to a growth in federal power was the ratification of the Constitution in 1789. Although the constitution is to protect the right of individuals and limit the power of government it led to†¦show more content†¦This led to the federal government passing tariffs of farm imports and in 1922 the Capper-Volstead act exempted agricultural cooperatives from antitrust laws. Another act, the Agricultural Credits act of 1923, made it easier for farmer to receive loans from the Federal Farm Board whi ch was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929. The federal Government also needed to regulate the power of businesses. The Federal Government began to limit the power of business by enforcing antitrust laws created by the Shermans act of 1890. Antitrust enforcement was another area in which Federal government increased in power. I believe the expansion of the Federal Government was necessary in every way to ensure the future of US. Before the civil war the states had most of the power dictating state laws and each was concerned with better its own states not looking at the nation as a whole. This led to issues such as the south having slaves and the north not allowing slavery. Eventually this led to the civil war. The federal government is necessary to regulate the powers of the states. Acts such as the civil rights act of 1964 led to equal treatment of individuals regardless of race or color. Even after the act the federal government had to enforce the laws on the south and rebuild the south’s state governments. The federal government’s power affects our daily lives from education toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Story Of Susette Kelo1737 Words   |  7 PagesRicardo Norris 9/17/14 Period 4B A.P. Government I. Introduction A. The story of Susette Kelo 1. Property denounced by city authorities 2. Longing to redevelop zone with pricey townhouses, shopping centers and an extensive lodging 3. Preeminent Court maintained the city s decision making a) Property could be seized for open utilization b) Property could be seized for monetary advancement in troubled groups B. What could anyone do about it? II. Why â€Å"federalism† matters A. Reaction to the KeloRead MoreThe Importance Of The Bill Of Rights1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of the Bill of Rights Kelley R. Webster POLS 1111 Professor C. Whitaker Why is the Bill of Rights important? That is a very good question. Men of conventional wisdom that help constitute the Bill reveals the structural ideas to be integrated with the Constitution in a language of rights. States’ rights, majority rights, minority rights and individual rights. The last word says it all for me...Rights. The Bill of Rights are important because our civil liberties are importantRead MoreAmerican Government During The Twentieth Century1626 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States’ government influence has expanded to include more areas of the lives of individuals than ever before. In 1789, American government was granted the privilege to intervene in a limited amount of citizens’ affairs. Today, American Government has grown to be involved in family life, social life, and even life of foreign nations. This type of involvement is not traditional and not what America’s founding fathers intended. Life in America was not always so intertwined with government. In factRead MoreThe Federalist Papers And Democracy Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican democracy. While there are many important institutions mentioned but he authors, three essential components of American democracy are separation of powers, the size of the republic, and associations. An important formal institution in our democracy is the system of separation of powers and checks and balances in the federal government. This is a formal institution as the constitution defines the roles each branch will play as well as how they interact. The goal of The Federalist Papers wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation1415 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt vastly expanded the powers of the presidency beyond anything before seen. The New Deal expanded the federal government s authority over the economy in response to the emergency of the Great Depression. Less well known, FDR enhanced the executive branch’s power relative to Congress and the Court. This proved to be an expansion going far beyond a war emergency. FDR worked closely with Democratic majorities in Congress to pass broad delegations of lawmaking authority to new federal agencies toRead MorePolitical Science: The Federal Government Policies829 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough effective soc ial policies. Victims rights are conceptualized as a zero-sum game which can only be won by severely punishing the guilty. The emphasis on retribution over rehabilitation is why America still has the death penalty, in contrast to the other major Western industrialized democracies. America has made notable strides in protecting individual rights through the courts. The right to due process, as established in the fourteenth amendment, was a critical component in securing the civilRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson And The Civil Rights Act1191 Words   |  5 Pagesformer president John F. Kennedy. President Johnson was most responsible for the growth of the federal government thru his actions which include the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Medicare and Medicaid and finally the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act was passed in the an effort for all Americans to have equal rights. Johnson took power from the states and granted it to the federal government using this act, when it was the states problem and they should have handled the issue. MedicareRead MoreWho Killed the Electric Car703 Words   |  3 Pagesthe World Solar Challenge, a solar electric car race in Australia. General Motors CEO, Roger Smith challenged the same design team to build a pro totype practical electric car which became known as the Impact when announced in 1990. The project expanded to small scale production vehicles with the aim that it would give GM several years lead over any competitor car companies.The Californian Air Resources Board (CARB) saw this as a way to solve their air quality problem and in 1990 passed the ZeroRead MoreQuestions and Answers: American History674 Words   |  3 PagesQ1. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced tens of thousands of Native Americans to move from their homelands in the South and East to less desirable lands in the West. Was this Congressional act justified? Why or why not? The Indian Removal Act of 1830 is considered a black mark upon American history. Whenever America attempts to take a moral high road and criticize another nations human rights record, the Trail of Tears is invoked, as well as the removal of the Creeks and the Lower Creeks fromRead MorePresidential Power : The United States1097 Words   |  5 PagesPresidential power has been a intensely publicized issue throughout the history of the United States, but even more so in the last couple decades. Presidents have always been pushing the envelope when it comes to what they can and cannot do in office. However as terrorism has become more prevalent in the past twenty years, presidents are faced with more challenges than those of hundreds of years ago. In addition to the threats overseas, every year both parties are becoming more partisan. When

Nationalism and Middle East free essay sample

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the realist paradigm for the analysis of international politics in the region. Realism with its emphasis on war among great powers, and security competition has been a dominant player in the study of International Relations. It has assisted theorists in understanding human nature, how states interact with each other and portraying things in their true nature, by showing them for what they really are. In it’s aesthetic sense it is defined as â€Å"fidelity to nature in representation; the showing of life etc. as it is in fact. (Armstrong, 2005) This essay discusses the Realist paradigm with relation to the Middle East. I will be analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of this theory, and focusing on defining the paradigm. I also believe it is important for this essay to define the Middle East. To do so, I will be using a variety of content, from journals to books. Focusing on Realism, I have looked at the works of John J. Mearsheimer and Kenneth Waltz. I will be analyzing their study of International Relations, and their Realist ideologies. When discussing the Middle East, Gregory F. Gause’s article entitled, â€Å"Systematic approaches to the Middle East International Relations,† has proved to be an important source of information. The crux of this essay, hence the discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the Realist paradigm for understanding International Politics in the Middle East, comes from a variety of different journals and articles. For instance, Mohammed Ayoob’s â€Å"Subaltern Realism: International Relations theory meets the third world† and Fred Halliday’s â€Å"The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology† are two of the journals I will be using for this analysis. Realism, since it’s conception has always emphasized the importance of the State, security and the maximization of power within the state. For the purpose of this essay, I believe it is important to define the state through a realist perspective. Realism pays a great deal of importance to the operations of the state and it’s position in the international system, hence its definition of the state is significant to this essay. Fred Halliday claims, â€Å"Realism treats states as unitary actors seeking to maximize their advantages within a competitive, or ‘anarchical’ system, pursuing power politics. (Halliday 2005) Realists look at the foreign policies of states, and the ways in which they create alliances on the basis of expected threats and suspected opportunities. John Mearsheimer has a similar understanding; he claims International Politics for realists is synonymous for power politics. Mearsheimer describes two types of Realists, classical and structura l, the former believe that states want power simply because it is a part of their human nature. In their opinion virtually everyone is born with a will to be powerful wired into them. Hence, great nations are lead by individuals who are hard pressed on having their states more powerful than its rivals. For structural realists, it is the architecture of the international system, which forces states to strive for power. In an anarchic system, where there is no higher authority above the great powers, and no guarantee that one will not attack the other, it is in the interest of each state to be powerful enough if a rival were to attack. Each paradigm of International Relations theory has it’s own set of strengths and weaknesses. However, in context to the Middle East, the Realist paradigm in my opinion is weaker than its counterparts. What is the Middle East? Geopolitically the Middle East, connecting three continents, extremely rich in oil and situated in between Europe and the East, represents a very important part of the international system. However, it is hard to define what the Middle East is, some merely consider it as a group of Arab nations adjoined due to economic, religious and linguistic similarities. However, many will see much more than that, many will consider Benedict Anderson’s assumption of an imagined community. He says, â€Å"it is an imagined political community – and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign† (Ayoob 1998). They are imagined as Anderson explains, because it is fundamentally impossible to know all the members of the nation. His theory has resonance in the Middle East because of the effects of imperial rule on the area. The most fundamental change in the Middle East after World War One occurred after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The Europeans set up boundaries that rarely coincided with the ethnic, tribal or economic connections that had existed during the Caliphate era. After 1918 territorial nationalisms or ‘imagined communities’ started to form, with the new organisms. The new borders made the emerging nation states limited by definition, as the political entities had to work within the newly formed walls. â€Å"Political, educational and economic systems were created and expanded – but also contained – by the European colonial divisions† (Ayoob 1998). The Caliphates are referred to the first system of government set up in Islam and represented the leaders unity of the Muslim Ummah (community). In theory it is an aristocratic, constitutional republic, which in essence means that the Head of State, the Caliph, and other officials are representatives of the people and of Islam. They must govern according to constitutional and religious law or sharia. Theoretically, the Caliphates represent an aspiration for an ideal political unity of all Muslims under one leader. An ideal which only materialized once before for a short period of thirty years under the four pious Caliphs, Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman and Ali. The Ottoman Empire was the last and possibly most significant Caliphate in Middle Eastern history. It constituted a primary unifying force, consolidating the Islamic nations under one rule. The symbolism of Turkey under the Ottoman Empire, personified centralized rule. The Empire’s leadership served as a vessel to better manage relations with foreign superpowers such as Britain and France. The European powers had a vested interest in the region, especially Britain, who by 1914 was particularly fearful of the protection of the Suez Canal and protection of the Gulf. They were vital to Britain due to their link to India and Abadan region of modern day Iran. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire and soon after the Caliphates in 1926, the sense of a single unifying force around which the Islamic world could rally around was non-existent. Thus resulting in a nationalist movement developing amongst post Ottoman Turkey and other Arab Nationalist movements, which was fast becoming the Nationalist wave sweeping through the new Middle East. â€Å"The primary factor forming the basis of the Arab system is the element of nationalism† (Gause, 1999). Until recently scholars identified two types of nationalism. One idea, first proposed by Ernest Renan and later reiterated by Arnold Toynbee and Hans Kohn, is that nationalism, â€Å"like all great forces in life is nothing material or mechanical, but a subjective psychological feeling in a living people† (Gershoni amp; Jankowski 1997). The second idea of nationalism is to emphasize its political character. Ernest Gellner believes, â€Å"Nationalism is primarily a political principal which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent† (Gershoni amp; Jankowski 1997). Recently academics have identified contrasting theories to pre-existing ideas of nationalism, the primordialist or perennialist model and the modernist interpretation. The former views modern nations as adaptations of existing ethnic communities, while the latter believes nations are modern creations if not inventions as a result of the massive process of change in the last two centuries. Other models such as the realist interpretation of nationalism do exist. Realists believe that â€Å"nationalism is produced by and anchored in objective socioeconomic conditions material interests† (Gershoni amp; Jankowski 1997). Various forms of imagined communities have competed for Arab loyalties: territorial nationalism, nation state nationalism and a broad range of Islamic nationalism. â€Å"However, none have been successful in proselytizing Arab communities as a nationalism based on the cultural linguistic dimension of Arabness, crossing geographic and religious boundaries† (Gershoni 1997). Arab nationalism remains an integral part of identity and ideology even though it is a modern notion to believe that pan-Arab nationalism is declining. Defining the Middle East is a strenuous task; because of its unique features it defies general analyses, and therefore needs a combination of several conceptual approaches to international relations. The Middle East is â€Å"constituted around an Arab core, with a shared identity but fragmented into multiple territorial states; the core is flanked by a periphery of non-Arab states – Turkey, Iran and Israel- which are intimate part of the region’s conflicts and an integral part of its balance of power† (Hinnebusch 2003). What is the realist paradigm? Realism is the belief that power is the most important component of the international system. There are various types of realists, who have different views on state interaction and the need for state power. As previously explained, Classical realists such as Hans Morgenthau believe states want power simply because it is a part of human nature. Structural realists on the other hand believe human nature has nothing to do with it, they maintain that states want power because of the architecture of the international system. They ignore cultural differences and regime type, mainly because the international system creates the same basic incentives for all regime types. Defensive realists, such as Kenneth Waltz, believe it is foolish for states to try to maximize their power because the system will punish them if they exceed certain limitations. â€Å"They believe the pursuit of hegemony is fool hardy† (Mearsheimer 2006). Structural realists perceive five assumptions why states want power. They believe great states operate in an anarchic system, not in the sense of chaos. It simply means there is no centralized authority or ultimate arbiter that stands above the state. The second assumption is that every state has some offensive military capability. Thus implying that a state can always be under attack by another. Structural Realists also believe that ultimately all states want to know if the other is a revisionist or status quo state. The intentions of the state are of primary knowledge to its neighbors. However, intentions cannot be empirically verified, they are in the minds of the leaders. The fourth assumption is that the primary goal of any state is survival. Each state will seek to maintain its territorial integrity and will therefore place survival above any other goals. The fifth assumption is states are rational actors; they are capable of coming up with beneficial strategies that will maximize their prospects of survival. Mearsheimer believes these assumptions if examined individually will not explain why states want power. However, if one were to combine all five together circumstances would arise â€Å"where states not only become preoccupied with the balance of power, but acquire powerful incentives to gain power at each other’s expense† (Mearsheimer 2006). Mearsheimer believes Americans and Europeans think Realism has been rendered obsolete. In his opinion after the Cold War, the world has entered a stage of little prospect of security competition. Other critics of Realism, for instance John Muller believe great-power wars no longer serves a useful purpose, much like dueling or slaves. Theorists such as Kenneth Waltz agree that new times call for new concepts. However, he believes that the basic structure of the international system has remained the same; states are still the key actors in world politics. He claims the biggest change within the system that has taken place in history is the invention of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons decisively change how some states provide for their own and possibly for others’ security; but nuclear weapons have not altered the anarchic structure of the international political system† (Waltz 2000). This anarchic nature is what allows Realism to be the dominating theory of International Relations. Not many scholars will consider the UN to be a coercive force or have any power to leverage. Moreover, there is no plausible replacement for the state in the horizon, and even less interest to change the system and find a suitable alternative. Many believe that security competition between states is now an antiquated notion. However, if that is the case it is hard to describe conflicts such as Iran and Iraq, India and Pakistan and interstate conflicts within Africa. These prove that security competitions are not out dated. Also the fact that America maintains over hundred thousand troops in Europe and North East Asia. One can see a cluster of great powers in this district, even though they maintain peace with one another, the question of American troops brings up the notion of whether America can trust the Europeans not to go to war again. Another region where security competition and anarchy are effervescent is the Middle East. Inter state conflict; religious sectarianism, religious fundamentalism, terrorism, human rights violation and other such atrocities regularly take place within this ‘imagined community’. The Middle East â€Å"is arguably the epicenter of world crisis, chronically war prone and the site of the world’s most protracted conflicts† (Hinnebusch 2003). Realism best describes the anarchic situation currently prevailing in the Middle East. The greatest strength of Realism in this region is that it holds most relevance when describing the areas tumultuous political system. Structural realists believe the primary goal of any state is survival. How does a state survive? It must have the military capabilities to protect itself from any attack. This notion is reiterated by Iran’s recent threat to build a nuclear weapon. Even though it has delayed this process by a few months, the effects have begun to ripple. World leaders such as David Cameron have claimed that it could instigate an arms race in the region. I think it could trigger a nuclear arms race across the whole region. That would make the Middle East a more dangerous, more unstable part of the world. † Another aspect of Realism that could be a strength if implemented is the Realist theory in the ethnic realm. This theory simply argues that when ethnic communities become extremely hardened by conflict, â€Å"ethnic separation, both physical and politica l, is necessary to prevent endemic bloody ethnic conflict and chronic instability† (Ben-Porat 2008). Had this theory been implemented with the Shia Sunni divide, years of conflict and terror may have been avoided. Realism has a number of strengths, however, in relation to the Middle East, I believe the points mentioned earlier are the only positive traits. On the other hand, there are a number of weaknesses in the Realist paradigm that can be explored. For instance Realism has a narrow a-historic conception of the state. The main problem with neo-realism – a primary facet of the Realist paradigm – is a reliance on a preoccupation with the Great Power relations. It has a Eurocentric, neo-colonial epistemology that privileges the global North over the global South, the powerful minority over the weak but numerous majority† (Ayoob 1998). For Realism the state is the most important actor in International Politics. However, this is problematic, as realists perceive the state to be a monolithic, unchanging entity. This is particularly troublesome for the Middle East states as they are by and large the result of foreign domination, and are struggling with the legacy of imperialism. The neorealism theory is limited when conceptualising the state, as it does not account for agency. It does not take into consideration the internal factors that effect state behaviour. For instance â€Å"the decline of pan Arabism undoubtedly contributed to the movement towards Arab-Israeli peace. The rise of transnational Islamist politics helps explain the Iraq-Iran war and alignment behaviour in the region more generally since the Iranian revolution† (Gause 1999). The realist theory is also incapable of adequately explaining and analysing conflict (therefore resolving conflict). Even a perfunctory inspection of conflict in the Middle East contradicts the fundamental neo-realist assumption regarding the predominance of systemic factors in explaining state behaviour. Fred Halliday believes neo-realism does not posses a sufficient explanatory and predictive capacity, especially in the arena of managing and alleviating the majority of conflicts in the Middle East. â€Å"Their inability emerges out of the fact that these conflicts are inextricably enmeshed with the process of state building and the formation of political communities that both of the theories do not address† (Halliday 2005). Mohammed Ayoob says, â€Å"Neorealist theories neglect domestic variables affecting conflict and order. This explains their inability to account for the origins – in both senses of that word, as beginnings and causes – and evolution of the large majority of current and previous conflict in the region† (Ayoob 1998). The Iran-Iraq war is a good example of this point since one could argue the Iraqi regime was pushed into conflict with Iran by its fear of the demonstration effect of the Iranian revolution on the Iraqi population and the consequent Ba’athist regime. The sad fact is International Politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business and it is likely to remain that way† (Rourke 2005). This rather cynical statement comes from a Classical Realism theorist. One who I presume believes in the inherent dark side of humanity, as many other realists do. Many will agree with this school of thought, each state has one agenda, to survive, and wil l therefore go through any means to make that happen. However, there are others who believe there may be more to human nature and more to state agenda than Realism describes. For the purpose of this essay, I have studied the strengths and weaknesses of the Realist paradigm, and have come to find that even though both sides have compelling arguments, the weaknesses outweigh the strengths. The Middle East is a complex region, hence it is difficult to analyse its international relations through the implementation of one theory. Realism over looks a number of aspects that contribute towards Middle East politics. For instance it does not pay enough attention to domestic politics. â€Å"Domestic conflicts in postcolonial states are a result of imperial imposition. They can easily spill across political boundaries into contiguous states, whose populations may aid one side in such conflicts thus involving neighboring populations and eventually neighboring states in these conflicts† (Ayoob 1998). To understand International politics of the Middle East, one must â€Å"combine the fundamental insights of classical realism with an appreciation of the dynamics of conflict currently clearly visible in large parts of the international system† (Ayoob 1998). This will result in a paradigm that can properly examine and analyse international politics in the region.  As for the Realist paradigm, I believe it does not help us to fully understand the depth of the Middle East international system.